C++容器操作

问题

容器存指针,调用erase、clear是否会调用元素的析构函数?

  • 不会调用析构函数

容器存类(非指针),是否会调用构造拷贝函数?使用erase、clear是否会调用析构函数?

  • 会调用拷贝构造函数
  • 会调用析构函数

容器存指针

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#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

class ELE
{
public:
    ELE() : m_id(-1){
        print("create ++++A ");
    }
    ELE(const int &id) : m_id(id){
        print("create ++++B ");
    }
    ELE(const ELE &ele){
        m_id = ele.id();
        print("copy   ====A ", ele);
    }
    void operator=(const ELE& ele) {
        m_id = ele.id();
        print("copy   ====B ", ele);
    }
    ~ELE(){
        print("delete ----A ");
    }

    int id() const { return m_id; }
    void print() {
        cout << "print        " << this << "(" << m_id << ")" << endl;
    }

private:
    void print(const char* head){
        cout << head << this << "(" << m_id << ")" << endl;
    }
    void print(const char* head, const ELE &ele){
        cout << head << &ele << "(" << ele.id() << ")" << " --> " << this << "(" << m_id << ")" << endl;
    }
    int m_id;
};

int main()
{
    vector<ELE *> eleList;
    eleList.reserve(5);
    ELE *ele;

    cout << "************start push************" << endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
    {
        ele = new ELE(i);
        eleList.emplace_back(ele);
    }
    cout << "************end push************" << endl << endl;

    cout << "************start process************" << endl;
    for (auto ele : eleList)
    {
        ele->print();
    }
    cout << "************end process************" << endl << endl;

    cout << "************start erase************" << endl;
    for (auto it = eleList.begin(); it != eleList.end(); it)
    {
        eleList.erase(it);
    }
    // eleList.clear();
    cout << "************end erase************" << endl << endl;

    return 1;
}

需要注意erase那一段代码,erase之后迭代器已经指向了下一个元素,所以不能再it++,可以实验以下,我这里测试的结果是会陷入死循环,打印不出“end erase”。

以上输出,

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************start push************
create ++++B 0xfefeb0(0)
create ++++B 0xfefed0(1)
create ++++B 0xfefef0(2)
************end push************

************start process************
print        0xfefeb0(0)
print        0xfefed0(1)
print        0xfefef0(2)
************end process************

************start erase************
************end erase************

push操作没有多余的拷贝(会拷贝指针的值),process部分也没有多余的拷贝(会拷贝指针的值),但是erase部分,没有任何输出!这里内存泄漏了。

以上,可以有以下结论:

  • erase操作不会调用指针的析构函数;
  • push操作不会调用指针的拷贝构造函数;

所以容器指针还需要额外调用delete删除。

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for (auto ele : eleList)
{
    delete ele;
}

容器存非指针

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#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

class ELE
{
public:
    ELE() : m_id(-1){
        print("create ++++A ");
    }
    ELE(const int &id) : m_id(id){
        print("create ++++B ");
    }
    ELE(const ELE &ele){
        m_id = ele.id();
        print("copy   ====A ", ele);
    }
    void operator=(const ELE& ele) {
        m_id = ele.id();
        print("copy   ====B ", ele);
    }
    ~ELE(){
        print("delete ----A ");
    }

    int id() const { return m_id; }
    void print() {
        cout << "print        " << this << "(" << m_id << ")" << endl;
    }

private:
    void print(const char* head){
        cout << head << this << "(" << m_id << ")" << endl;
    }
    void print(const char* head, const ELE &ele){
        cout << head << &ele << "(" << ele.id() << ")" << " --> " << this << "(" << m_id << ")" << endl;
    }
    int m_id;
};

int main()
{
    vector<ELE> eleList;
    eleList.reserve(5);
    ELE ele;

    cout << "************start push************" << endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
    {
        ele = ELE(i);
        eleList.emplace_back(ele);
    }
    cout << "************end push************" << endl << endl;

    cout << "************start process************" << endl;
    for (auto ele : eleList)
    {
        ele.print();
    }
    cout << "************end process************" << endl << endl;

    cout << "************start erase************" << endl;
    eleList.clear();
    cout << "************end erase************" << endl << endl;

    return 1;
}

输出:

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create ++++A 0x7ffd82be4afc(-1)

************start push************
create ++++B 0x7ffd82be4b24(0)
copy   ====B 0x7ffd82be4b24(0) --> 0x7ffd82be4afc(0)
delete ----A 0x7ffd82be4b24(0)
copy   ====A 0x7ffd82be4afc(0) --> 0x112ee70(0)
create ++++B 0x7ffd82be4b24(1)
copy   ====B 0x7ffd82be4b24(1) --> 0x7ffd82be4afc(1)
delete ----A 0x7ffd82be4b24(1)
copy   ====A 0x7ffd82be4afc(1) --> 0x112ee74(1)
create ++++B 0x7ffd82be4b24(2)
copy   ====B 0x7ffd82be4b24(2) --> 0x7ffd82be4afc(2)
delete ----A 0x7ffd82be4b24(2)
copy   ====A 0x7ffd82be4afc(2) --> 0x112ee78(2)
************end push************

************start process************
copy   ====A 0x112ee70(0) --> 0x7ffd82be4af4(0)
print        0x7ffd82be4af4(0)
delete ----A 0x7ffd82be4af4(0)
copy   ====A 0x112ee74(1) --> 0x7ffd82be4af4(1)
print        0x7ffd82be4af4(1)
delete ----A 0x7ffd82be4af4(1)
copy   ====A 0x112ee78(2) --> 0x7ffd82be4af4(2)
print        0x7ffd82be4af4(2)
delete ----A 0x7ffd82be4af4(2)
************end process************

************start erase************
delete ----A 0x112ee70(0)
delete ----A 0x112ee74(1)
delete ----A 0x112ee78(2)
************end erase************

delete ----A 0x7ffd82be4afc(2)

以上,有几点结论:

  • 类直接push到容器,会调用拷贝构造函数;(两个地址不一样了)
  • clear方法会调用容器元素的析构函数;
  • 直接push和调用普通类会多一些copy操作(重构=);

如果去掉reserve方法,还会有点问题:

  • 容器长度是动态增长的,所以不加reserve会有更多的copy操作;

用erase替换clear操作

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for (auto it = eleList.begin(); it != eleList.end(); it)
{
    eleList.erase(it);
}

得到输出

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************start erase************
copy   ====B 0x1c0ae74(1) --> 0x1c0ae70(1)
copy   ====B 0x1c0ae78(2) --> 0x1c0ae74(2)
delete ----A 0x1c0ae78(2)
copy   ====B 0x1c0ae74(2) --> 0x1c0ae70(2)
delete ----A 0x1c0ae74(2)
delete ----A 0x1c0ae70(2)
************end erase************

可以看到,相比clear多了很多copy操作。看起来是erase不仅调用析构函数,同时也会清除容器空间。

  • erase会调用析构函数;
  • erase会删除容器空间;

结论

  • erase之后迭代器已经指向了下一个元素,不需要it++;
  • erase操作不会调用指针的析构函数;
  • push操作不会调用指针的拷贝构造函数;
  • 类直接push到容器,会调用拷贝构造函数;(两个地址不一样了)
  • clear方法会调用容器元素的析构函数;
  • 直接push和调用普通类会多一些copy操作(重构=);
  • 容器长度是动态增长的,所以不加reserve会有更多的copy操作;
  • erase会调用析构函数;
  • erase会删除容器空间;

所以,我认为:

  • 容器使用前尽量reserve
  • 容器尽量存类的指针;
  • 容器如果存的指针要记得显示地调用delete;